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Department of Psychology . Neargarder joined the Psychology Department at Bridgewater State University in the fall of 1. She primarily teaches courses in Biopsychology and Neuropsychology. Prepare for independent psychological practice with a specialization in Clinical Psychology.* Learn to diagnose, assess, and provide interventions for a wide array of emotional and behavioral disorders. Find the best graduate schools near you or worldwide reviewing our List of Graduate Programs all found on GradSchools.com. Grace Devenport is a Licensed Professional Counselor providing behavioral health care in Burrell’s Central Region for clients ages six and up. Grace graduated from Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri where she earned a. Find a program At Andrews University we are serious about giving you choices and we offer many options for graduate studies. We invite you to browse the programs we offer and learn how you can further your education with us. She is also the Chairperson of the Psychology Department and a Research Scientist at Boston University's Vision and Cognition Laboratory (http: //www. Her research involves the identification of visual and cognitive deficits in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease and how these deficits affect patients' real- world functioning. Her research has been published in a number of peer- reviewed journals including Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, Vision Research, the Journal of Gerontology, Cortex, Neuropsychology, and Clinical Nutrition. School Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Programs Offered: Certification in School Counseling Doctor of Philosophy in Counseling Psychology Doctor of Philosophy in Counselor Education and Practice. If you are fascinated by the human mind and behavior patterns, enrolling in a Psychology Graduate Programs offers you the opportunity to delve into an area that you are keen about, and perhaps want to research. Among the many allures of the University of Michigan—Ann Arbor is that the school offers 'a great environment both academically and socially.' One student explains, 'It has the social, fun atmosphere of any Big Ten. Degrees. BS, Wright State University. MA, Ph. D, Vanderbilt University. Assistant Professor of Psychology. Hart Hall, Room 3. Email: Melissa. Brandon@bridgew. Degrees. BS, University of Pittsburgh. MS, Ph. D, University of Wisconsin- Madison. Professor of Psychology; Graduate Program Coordinator. Hart Hall, Room 3. Email: jcalicchia@bridgew. Dr. Calicchia came to Bridgewater in 1. Department of Counselor Education where he served as a faculty member, Graduate Program Coordinator and Department Chair before joining the Psychology Department in the Fall of 2. He has taught a variety of courses including applied pre- adolescent counseling, research methods, and legal and ethical issues. Over the past 2. 0 years, his research and clinical practice have focused mainly on children and adolescence and Dr. Calicchia has an eclectic array of peer- reviewed articles, presentations, and a co- authored book. Calicchia is a Licensed Psychologist/Health Service Provider in the state of Massachusetts and has special training in child and adolescent psychology. He completed his pre- doctoral internship and post- doctoral fellowship in clinical child psychology at Mc. Lean Hospital and served as a Child & Adolescent Psychologist at Mc. Lean Hospital and Harvard Medical School. Degrees. BA, University of Rhode Island. MA, University of Hartford. Ph. D, Northeastern University. Assistant Professor of Psychology. Hart Hall, Room 3. Email: Janessa. Carvalho@bridgew. Dr. Carvalho joined the Bridgewater State University psychology department in 2. As a neuropsychologist, she also completed a clinical residency and postdoctoral fellowship in clinical neuropsychology at the Alpert Medical School of Brown University. She is currently teaching courses in Research Methods and Abnormal Psychology. Her research interests generally lie in adult neuropsychology and include 1) psychometrics of cognitive and behavioral measures, 2) geriatric neuropsychology, and 3) cross- cultural neuropsychology. She is interested in collaborating with students on her research. Degrees. BS, Bridgewater State University. MA, Ph. D, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. Professor of Psychology; Director of Massachusetts Aggression Reduction Center (MARC)Hart Hall, Room 3. Email: eenglander@bridgew. Dr. Englander has been teaching at Bridgewater State University since 1. Her major area of interest is in the childhood causes of abusive and violent behavior, and her research examines bullying and cyberbullying behaviors during the school years. She has taught ten different undergraduate courses, three of which she introduced to the Psychology curriculum. She also developed an internship program in Forensic Psychology. She has served as department chair and, during her time at Bridgewater, has published peer- reviewed articles, three editions of a book, has served as a Guest Editor for a Special Edition of The Journal of Social Sciences, and has published numerous other articles. She has presented her work at many conferences and has given numerous presentations and media interviews. She has been cited in newspapers and has appeared on television and radio locally, nationally and internationally. She has received eight external grants and several internal grants. She was the University's first Presidential Fellow, and received that grant and award for establishing and directing the Massachusetts Aggression Reduction Center (MARC) at Bridgewater. MARC works with Bridgewater State University students in bringing bullying and cyberbullying research and programs to K- 1. Commonwealth of Massachusetts. In 2. 00. 5 she was awarded the Course of Distinction Award by Massachusetts Colleges Online and Bridgewater's Distance Learning Award. Englander has testified in front of the Senate and was appointed to the Massachusetts Attorney General's Safe School Initiative Task Force under former Attorney General Thomas Reilly. She helped author and pass state legislation, and has trained thousands of teachers and tens of thousands of students in the Commonwealth. Degrees. BA, University of California at Berkley. MA, Ph. D, University of Southern California. Associate Professor of Psychology. Hart Hall, Room 3. Email: jonathan. holmes@bridgew. Dr. Holmes joined Bridgewater in the fall of 2. Introductory Psychology, Introductory Psychology honors sections, Statistics for Psychology, Research Methods, History of Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Biopsychology, and Psychology and Literature. He has served as Chair of the Psychology Department and he has won the Presidential Award for Distinguished Teaching. Holmes' current scholarly interests involve looking at the history and philosophy of psychology. A brief article on some of his work on Ancient Greek psychological functioning and its relation to current psychology was recently published in the December 2. The Bridgewater Review. Degrees. BA, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. MA, Ph. D, State University of New York at Stony Brook. Assistant Professor of Psychology. Hart Hall, Room 3. Email: tjameson@bridgew. Dr. Jameson joined the Bridgewater State University psychology department in the Fall of 2. Jameson teaches a variety of courses including Statistics, Research Methods, Cognitive Psychology and Sensation & Perception. Jameson's area of specialization is Cognitive Psychology and her primary research interests include working memory, decision making, and metacognition. Jameson is always interested in getting students involved in her research. Johnson has been teaching at Bridgewater State University for more than thirty years. She has taught fourteen different undergraduate and three graduate courses, six of which she developed. She has served on a number of committees both inside and outside the department, and was involved in the piloting of First- Year Seminars, to be offered as part of the University's new curriculum. Her primary interest lies in the investigation of evolutionary psychology and its interface with developmental, social, and clinical fields. She has developed several new courses on the subject and has integrated the perspective into every course she teaches. Her research interest is in testing evolutionary hypotheses - for example, those on behavioral and psychological sex differences at all points in development - in order to develop effective pscyhoeducational interventions for couples and families experiencing relationship difficulties. Degrees. BA, Macalester College. MA, Ph. D, Boston University. Associate Professor of Psychology; Director of Honors Center. Hart Hall, Room 3. Email: tking. 1@bridgew. Teresa K. King, Ph. D is an Associate Professor in the Psychology Department and Co- Coordinator of the Adrian Tinsley Program (ATP) for Undergraduate Research. She received her doctorate in Clinical Psychology from the University of Houston. She completed her internship and post- doctoral fellowship at Brown Medical School. Her research examines psychological factors that have an effect on health with a particular focus on body image. She has presented her research at international and national conferences and published in peer- reviewed journals. She has an active body image research lab that serves primarily to provide undergraduate students with research experience. King strongly believes in the transformative nature of undergraduate research and has mentored several ATP semester and summer grants, honor's theses, and directed studies. The undergraduate courses she teaches include: Orientation to the Major, Introductory Psychology (regular and honors), Abnormal Psychology, Research, Survey of Psychological Testing, Health Psychology, and the honors second year seminar Movies and Mental Disorders. Mamberg is a Clinical Psychologist. Her post- doctoral clinical experiences included counseling New Yorkers following the World Trade Center attack in 2. Pace University's Counseling Center in Westchester, N. Y. Mamberg's clinical work focuses on anxiety, depression and trauma sequellae in young adults; and her therapeutic style incorporates relational- dynamic and interpersonal approaches with cognitive- behavioral techniques. She has continued her professional development by becoming trained in the teaching of Mindfulness- Based Stress Reduction at the Center for Mindfulness, at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. Mamberg's theoretical interests primarily focus on socio- cultural and discursive aspects of self development, as well as the impact of trauma and loss on identity and developmental processes. She has mentored students on various quantitative and qualitative research projects, two of which were presented at the 5th International Conference on the Dialogical Self. Mamberg teaches a variety of undergraduate courses, including Clinical Psychology, Psychology of Personality, Abnormal Psychology, and Orientation to the Major. At the graduate level, she teaches Psychotherapy: Theory and Practice, I; an advanced seminar on Trauma & Loss and she supervises students during their field placements. Degrees. BA, State University of New York at Purchase, 1. MA, Clark University, 1. Ph. D, Clark University 2. Assistant Professor of Psychology. Hart Hall, Room 3. Email: brendan. morse@bridgew.
Social Psychology Ph. D. Programs.
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It involves engaging consumers through awareness- raising and education on sustainable consumption and lifestyles, providing consumers with adequate information through standards and labels and engaging in sustainable public procurement, among others. Sustainable consumption has been recognized as an integral element of sustainable development and an issue of paramount importance. The UN Conference on the Environment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro in 1. Agenda 2. 1 states that the major cause of the continued deterioration of the global environment is the unsustainable patterns of consumption and production. Ten years later in 2. Johannesburg Plan of Implementation at the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD). Chapter 3 of the Plan was devoted to “Changing Unsustainable Patterns of Consumption and Production” and declared that “fundamental changes in the way societies produce and consume are indispensable for achieving global sustainable development. 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Carbon emissions trading is a form of emissions trading that specifically targets carbon dioxide (calculated in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent or t. CO2e) and it currently constitutes the bulk of emissions trading. This form of permit trading is a common method countries utilize in order to meet their obligations specified by the Kyoto Protocol; namely the reduction of carbon emissions in an attempt to reduce (mitigate) future climate change. Under Carbon trading, a country having more emissions of carbon is able to purchase the right to emit more and the country having less emission trades the right to emit carbon to other countries. More carbon emitting countries, by this way try to keep the limit of carbon emission specified to them.
Government of Alberta Home Page, News, Programs. Your official source of Alberta government laws and publications since 1906. International Deployment Programs South Korea. South Korea adopted a renewable portfolio standard (RPS) 1 to promote clean energy, reduce carbon emissions, and develop a local green-industry to accelerate economic growth. Economics. The economic basis for emissions trading is linked to the concept of property rights (Goldemberg et al., 1. These other costs are called external costs (Halsn. External costs may affect the welfare of others. In the case of climate change, GHG emissions affect the welfare of people living in the future, as well as affecting the natural environment (Toth et al., 2. The argument for doing this is that these external costs can then be added to the private costs that the emitter faces. In doing this, the emitter faces the full (social) costs of their actions (IMF, 2. Ethics and fairness. To actually calculate social costs requires value judgements about the value of future climate impacts (Smith et al., 2. These valuations are decided by the economist doing the study. Valuations can be difficult since not all goods have a market price. There are methods to infer prices for . However, these valuations can be controversial, e. Taking a historic step to fight climate change, the Environmental Protection Agency today proposed a plan to slash carbon dioxide emissions from existing power plants 30% nationwide by 2030. How Can Biochar Be Carbon Negative? Fossil fuels are carbon positive; they add more carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other greenhouse gasses to the air and thus exacerbate global warming. Ordinary biomass fuels are carbon neutral. Because anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) result primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels, energy consumption is at the center of the climate change debate. In the International Energy Outlook 2016. People now call that system 'cap-and-trade.' But back then the term of art was 'emissions trading,' though some people called it 'morally bankrupt' or even 'a license to kill.' For a strange alliance of free-market. 231 pollution trading and environmental injustice: los angeles’ failed experiment in air quality policy richard toshiyuki drury * michael e. Smith et al., 2. 00. It also allows the benefits of climate change policy decisions to be compared against other possible environmental policies. Coase (1. 96. 0) (referred to by Toth et al., 2. Coase's model assumes perfectly operating markets and equal bargaining power among those arguing for property rights. For climate change, the property rights are for emissions (permits or quotas). However, it should be noted that other factors affect the climate other than just emissions, e. This can also be looked at from the perspective of having the greatest flexibility to reduce emissions. Flexibility is desirable because the marginal costs, that is to say, the incremental costs of reducing emissions, varies among countries. Emissions trading allows emission reductions to be first made in locations where the marginal costs of abatement are lowest (Bashmakov et al., 2. This allows polluters to reduce emissions at a time when it is most efficient to do so. One of the advantages of Coase's model is that it suggests that fairness (equity) can be addressed in the distribution of property rights, and that regardless of how these property rights are assigned, the market will produce the most efficient outcome (Goldemberg et al., 1. In comparison, industries may successfully lobby to exempt themselves from a carbon tax. It is therefore argued that with emissions trading, polluters have an incentive to cut emissions, but if they are exempted from a carbon tax, they have no incentive to cut emissions (Smith, 2. Proponents argue that a carbon tax is more easy and simple to enforce on a broad- base scale than cap- and- trade programs. The simplicity and immediacy of a carbon tax has been proven effective in British Columbia, Canada - enacted and implemented in five months. Taxing can provide the right incentives for polluters, inventors, and engineers to develop cleaner technologies, in addition to creating revenue for the government. With a tax, there can be estimates of reduction in carbon emissions, which may not be sufficient to change the course of climate change. A declining cap gives allowance for firm reduction targets and a system for measuring when targets are met. It also allows for flexibility, unlike rigid taxes. Some analysts argue that allowing others to participate in trading, e. Bashmakov et al., 2. According to Bashmakov et al. However, there are possible perverse incentives that can exist in emissions trading. Allocating permits on the basis of past emissions (. For example, a firm that reduced its emissions would receive fewer permits in the future (IMF, 2. These revenues might be used to improve the efficiency of overall climate policy, e. Fisher et al., 1. In reality, grandfathering subsidizes polluters, meaning that polluting industries may be kept in business longer than would otherwise occur. The economist William Nordhaus argues that allocations cost the economy as they cause the under utilisation an efficient form of taxation. As the permits are scarce they have value and the benefit of that value is acquired in full by the emitter. The cost is imposed elsewhere in the economy, typically on consumers who cannot pass on the costs. There is no basis for compensation arising from the loss of profits or asset values as a result of this new policy. The rationale for payments to trade- exposed, emissions- intensive industries is different and sound. It is to avoid the economic and environmental costs of having firms in these industries contracting more than, and failing to expand as much as, they would in a world in which all countries were applying carbon constraints involving similar costs to ours. According to the World Bank's Carbon Finance Unit, 3. CO2e) were exchanged through projects in 2. CO2e). Based on a survey of 1. European countries, it was concluded that an increase in carbon and fuel prices of approximately ten percent would result in a short- run increase in electrical power prices of roughly eight percent. Whereas a sudden lowering of a carbon emission cap may prove detrimental to economies, a gradual lowering of the cap may risk future environmental damage via global warming. In 2. 01. 0 Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) ceased its trading of carbon emissions. The seven year CCX cap and trade program claimed to have successfully provided cost- effectiveness and market- based flexibility for emissions trading. The group included Ford, Toyota, British Airways, BP and Unilever. On 9 June 2. 00. 5, the Group published a statement stating that there was a need to act on climate change and stressing the importance of market- based solutions. It called on governments to establish . This makes the emissions 'cap' lower and therefore further reduces emissions. In 1. 99. 2, the National Healthy Air License Exchange was established to pool donations for buying and retiring sulfur allowances under the USA sulfur allowance trading program. It is argued that this removes the credits from the carbon market so they cannot be used to allow the emission of carbon and that this reduces the 'cap' on emissions by reducing the number of credits available to emitters. For instance, small cuts may often be achieved cheaply through investment in making a technology more efficient, where larger cuts would require scrapping the technology and using a different one. They also argue that emissions trading is undermining alternative approaches to pollution control. In September 2. 01. FERN released . Similar practices happened in India. Earned credit were then sold to companies in US and Europe. For example, Russia had a surplus of allowances due to its economic collapse following the end of the Soviet Union. Rather, it would have been simply be a redistribution of emissions allowances. In practice, Kyoto Parties have as yet chosen not to buy these surplus allowances. In: Climate Change 1. Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change.(PDF). Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. This version: Printed by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N. Y., U. S. A. PDF version: IPCC website. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 5. International Monetary Fund, Fiscal Affairs Department. Climate Change 2. Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N. Y., U. S. A. Decision- making Frameworks. Climate Change 2. Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N. Y., U. S. A. This version: GRID- Arendal website. Aggregate Analysis: An Assessment. In (book chapter): Vulnerability to Climate Change and Reasons for Concern: A Synthesis. In: Climate Change 2. Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (J. J. Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N. Y., U. S. A. This version: GRID- Arendal website. In (book chapter): Decision- making Frameworks. In: Climate Change 2. Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (B. Print version: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N. Y., U. S. A. This version: GRID- Arendal website. Intertemporal Equity, Discounting, and Economic Efficiency. In: Climate Change 1. Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (J. P. This version: Printed by Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, N. Y., U. S. A. Joseph Stiglitz's web page at Colombia University. Analysis of Distributional Incidence: State of the Art. In (book chapter): Vulnerability to Climate Change and Reasons for Concern: A Synthesis. In: Climate Change 2. Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (J. International Energy Outlook 2. Energy- related CO2 emissions. Overview. Because anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) result primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels, energy consumption is at the center of the climate change debate. In the International Energy Outlook 2. IEO2. 01. 6) Reference case, world energy- related CO2 emissions . The Reference case estimates do not include effects of the recently finalized Clean Power Plan (CPP) regulations in the United States, which reduce projected U. S. Much of the growth in emissions is attributed to developing nations outside the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), many of which continue to rely heavily on fossil fuels to meet the fast- paced growth of energy demand. In the IEO2. 01. 6 Reference case, non- OECD emissions in 2. EIA has tried to incorporate some of the specific details, such as renewable energy goals, in the IEO2. Reference case; however, a great deal of uncertainty remains with regard to the implementation of policies to meet stated goals. In addition, beyond energy- related CO2, other gases (e. GHG) emissions but are not considered in IEO2. GHG emissions and the achievement of INDCs. EIA's projections for CO2 emissions may change significantly as laws and policies aimed at reducing GHG emissions are implemented and enforced, or if existing laws are enhanced. Policies to limit CO2 emissions in the United States and China. The United States and China are the countries with the most energy- related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Together they accounted for about 4. CO2 emissions in 2. In 2. 01. 4, both countries announced their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to the mitigation of their respective GHG emissions. It remains unclear, however, whether either country will meet or exceed its announced target. China's INDC states the objective of peaking its CO2 emissions by about 2. China's INDC also proposes a goal of 2. In addition, in September 2. China announced its intent to expand the country's seven current regional emissions trading programs in to a national cap- and- trade program beginning in 2. China surpassed the United States as the world's. CO2 emitter in 2. Figure 9- 2). In 2. CO2 emissions per capita were about one- third of the U. S. Two of the largest sources of U. S. For transportation, the main mechanism to reduce emissions is increasing the stringency of fuel economy and GHG emissions standards for both light- duty vehicles and heavy trucks. For electric power, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has finalized a Clean Power Plan (CPP) aimed at significantly reducing CO2 emissions from existing fossil- fueled generators. In China, the ultimate achievement of emissions targets will depend on its need to balance environmental goals with economic growth and development. In the past, China’s energy demand growth has been driven by development plans as part of the government’s five- year planning cycles that have centered mainly on industrial expansion. China’s energy mix is dominated by coal, the most carbon- intensive fossil fuel, and it is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. If its total CO2 emissions are to peak near 2. CCS) technology, which is a relatively new technology, is rapidly adopted. China’s growing middle class is expected to increase its demand for energy services as income per capita increases, and its sectoral shares of energy consumption are expected to continue shifting from industry to the building and transportation sectors. In both sectors, the energy efficiencies of China’s technologies have improved in recent years, which should help China curb the rate of growth in its energy use. CO2 emissions by fuel. Energy- related CO2 emissions from the use of liquid fuels, natural gas, and coal all increase in the IEO2. Reference case, with the relative contributions of the individual fuels shifting over time (Figure 9- 3). In 1. 99. 0, CO2 emissions associated with the consumption of liquid fuels accounted for the largest portion (4. In 2. 01. 2, they had fallen to 3. IEO2. 01. 6 Reference case. Coal, which is the most carbon- intensive fossil fuel, became the leading source of world energy- related CO2 emissions in 2. Reference case. The natural gas share of CO2 emissions, which was relatively small at 1. GHG emissions in 1. IEO2. 01. 6 Reference case to 2. Worldwide consumption of energy derived from fossil fuels grows by about 1. Btu from 2. 01. 2 to 2. IEO2. 01. 6 Reference case. In 2. 01. 2, fossil fuels accounted for 8. If fossil fuels had kept the same share in the Reference case, they would have increased from 4. Btu in 2. 01. 2 to 6. Btu by 2. 04. 0. However, with the increase in renewable and nuclear energy, the share of fossil fuels in total decreases to 7. The coal share of total energy use falls from 2. Over the same period, the liquids share falls from 3. The net result of both the reduced share of fossil- fuel energy and the shift in the fossil- fuel mix is that projected energy- related CO2 emissions in 2. Natural gas is the largest contributor to CO2 emissions growth in both the OECD and non- OECD economies, accounting for 1. CO2 emissions increases in the two regions (Figure 9- 4). Growth in CO2 emissions from the consumption of liquids worldwide is projected to average 1. IEO2. 01. 6 Reference case, resulting in an absolute increase of 3. CO2 emissions from 2. In the OECD countries, liquids- related CO2 emissions decline by an average of 0. In the non- OECD countries, rising demand for transportation and industrial uses of liquid fuels contributes to a growth rate of 1. CO2 emissions from the combustion of liquid fuels. In the IEO2. 01. 6 Reference case, world coal- related CO2 emissions show slower growth over the 2. IEOs, averaging 0. U. S. Coal- related emissions in the OECD and non- OECD regions increase by 0. CPP, OECD coal- related CO2 emissions would decrease by 0. The world’s top three national sources of coal- related emissions are China, India, and the United States, which remain at the top throughout the projection period and in combination account for 7. CO2 emissions in 2. Uncertainties in projecting European Union emissions reductions. The European Union (EU) has pledged a goal of a 4. GHG emissions from 1. Considering programs currently in place, OECD Europe’s energy- related carbon dioxide emissions rise slightly through 2. Turkey and Norway (which are included in OECD Europe) are not part of the EU . The cornerstone of the EU’s efforts to reduce GHG emissions is the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS). The EU ETS is a cap- and- trade system that covers approximately 4. GHG emissions in the EU’s 2. Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway. The ETS was introduced in 2. The second phase began in 2. A large surplus of allowances that were accumulated during the first two phases will be available for use in the third phase, from 2. Other uncertainties include: Negotiations under way to reform the post- 2. ETS are expected to continue for another two years . The surplus credits are estimated to reach 2. Further, the current reduction factor of 1. EU goals . In the IEO2. Reference case, OECD Europe’s renewable energy goals are evaluated on a country- by- country basis. Nuclear power, the largest existing source of noncarbon energy, faces an uncertain future in OECD Europe. For example, France has been phasing in renewables to replace nuclear capacity. In addition, several EU nations, including Germany and Switzerland, have announced plans to phase out or shut down their operating nuclear reactors in the aftermath of the March 2. Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. On the energy- demand side, OECD Europe already has achieved relatively low energy intensity, and the region’s energy intensity is projected to fall from 4. Btu per dollar of GDP in 2. Btu per dollar in 2. IEO2. 01. 6 Reference case. The price of EU ETS credits has remained around 8 Euros over the past few years, well below the level of 4. Euros that many analysts believe would be required to initiate a larger shift from fossil fuels to noncarbon energy sources . As of April 2. 01. However, the rules could greatly influence levels of energy- related carbon dioxide emissions. CO2 emissions by region. World energy- related CO2 emissions increase at an average annual rate of 1. IEO2. 01. 6 Reference case (Table 9- 2). On average, OECD emissions increase by 0. OECD emissions increase by 1. Among the OECD countries, energy- related CO2 emissions from the combined region of Mexico and Chile grow by an average of 1. South Korea increase by an average of 1. Figure 9- 5). For all the other OECD countries and regions, CO2 emissions increase by an average of less than 1%/year. Japan’s CO2 emissions decline by an average of 0. In OECD Europe, CO2 emissions increase by 0. OECD Americas, CO2 emissions increase by 0. CPP. In 2. 04. 0, OECD Europe accounts for about 1. OECD Americas region accounts for 1. CPP is taken into account), down from 2. For the OECD region as a whole, GDP growth averages 2. Clean Power Plan Rule. In March 2. 01. 5, the United States submitted its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) for GHG emissions reduction to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). INDC pledges an emissions reduction of 2. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published the final version of the U. S. Clean Power Plan rule (CPP) in August 2. However, estimates of the effect based on the proposed rule have been included in this chapter. The final CPP reflects substantive changes from the proposed rule, but the overall expected level of CO2 emissions reduction is similar to the level expected under the proposed rule. To the extent that the requirements are similar, a reasonable indicator of potential changes resulting from the final CPP is provided in EIA’s analysis of the proposed rule . Thus, under the proposed rule, the projected reduction in output from U. Microsoft's Windows 1. Microsoft isn't just giving Windows 1. At the Win. HEC tech conference in China, Terry Myerson, Microsoft. However, the announcement itself is having the exact opposite effect.
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